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REALTIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 13 always been the possibility that Syria could be coaxed and pressured into adopting more pragmatic policies. Revived U.S. efforts to relaunch the Israeli-Palestinian

The text discusses the political realities of Lebanon following Syria's withdrawal and the influence of Hizbollah and other political factions. Despite Syrian troop withdrawal, control issues persist,

port they enjoyed, gave names to the rival groupings: the March14 anti-Syrian forces and the March 8 pro-Syrian forces. The March 14 demonstrations, which in the U.S. narrative became the Cedar Revolu

This text discusses the political dynamics in Lebanon following the Cedar Revolution, highlighting the division between the anti-Syrian March 14 coalition and the pro-Syrian March 8 forces. It outline

tember 2007 Israeli bombing of what Israelis claim was a suspicious facility in Syria. But the issue of Israel’s nuclear weapons is perennially off the table. The United States, along with most other

This text discusses the complex dynamics of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, particularly focusing on Israel's alleged nuclear capabilities and Iran's nuclear program. It highlights the risks

REALTIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 21 otherwise unwelcome consequences..... And another message should be equally clear: leaders who abandon the pursuit of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, and

This text discusses the complexities and challenges in the New Middle East, particularly regarding nuclear ambitions of countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and the decline of the U.S. freedom agend

22 THE NEW MIDDLE EAST few, limited in scope, carried out only when allowed by incumbent regimes, and dropped quickly when governments objected. After September 11, President Bush openly repudiated th

This text discusses the shift in U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East following the September 11 attacks. President Bush's declaration of aligning American values of freedom and security contrasted

Rice gave a more detailed explanation of the American approach to democratic reform in a speech in Cairo in June 2005. In January 2006, the United States went further: it canceled a meeting planned to

In a speech in Cairo in June 2005, Rice underscored U.S. democratic reform measures. The U.S. reacted to Egypt's governance by canceling a free-trade agreement due to human rights concerns. While some

The weakness of the secular opposition is not entirely of its own making. Arab authoritarian and semi-authoritarian regimes—many of which have been ruling their societies in the name of secular ideolo

In Arab societies, secular opposition has struggled against longstanding authoritarian regimes that repress liberal ideologies, while conservative social attitudes limit their political expression. A

retrenchment into a more ideological posture by a movement that has sought, but has so far been denied, a legitimate political role. The adoption and subsequent abandonment of the freedom agenda broug

The text discusses the complexities faced in promoting democracy in Arab nations, highlighting the influence of incumbent regimes resistant to political reform. It notes that, despite potential allies

failed to attract a substantial following. Finally, the growing importance of Hizbollah in Lebanon is probably another factor. Hizbollah has become not only a domestic player capable of paralyzing the

This text analyzes the socio-political dynamics affecting Shi’a Muslims in the Middle East, highlighting their status in various countries, including Iran, Iraq, and Bahrain. While Hizbollah has estab

Discrimination inevitably breeds discontent and resentment, and those certainly exist among Shi’i minorities in the Gulf and, of course, in Lebanon. The real question, however, is whether this resentm

The text examines the roots of resentment among Shi’i minorities in the Gulf and Lebanon, noting its implications for political activism. Discrimination and resentment have led to instances of violenc

Although Iran is a center around which Shi’i resentment could coalesce, two factors reduce the likelihood that the Tehran regime will encourage such a development. One is that Iran aspires to be the c

The complexities of Iran's relationship with Sunni states underscore the ongoing challenges in Middle Eastern diplomacy. Iran seeks to be a leader in the region, supporting not only Shiite factions bu

36 THE NEW MIDDLE EAST restoring a balance of power that is not entirely dependent on a long-term, large U.S. military presence with its financial costs and negative political perceptions in the regi

This text discusses the changing power dynamics in the Middle East, particularly the region's responses to Iranian influence and the evolving role of the U.S. Historically reliant on American support,

Notes 1. See International Crisis Group report, Dealing With Iran’s Nuclear Program, November 2004. 2. See http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=texttrans-english&y=2007&m=April&x=200704181

This text discusses various reports and publications relevant to the geopolitical issues in the Middle East, with a specific focus on Iran's nuclear program, negotiations involving al-Qaddafi, and the

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations and promoting active

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a nonprofit organization focused on fostering cooperation between nations and enhancing U.S. involvement globally. Established in 1910, this nonpartis

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V-POP เป็นแนวคิดที่เน้นการสร้างความสุขและแรงบันดาลใจให้กับเด็กๆ ผ่านกิจกรรมและการเรียนรู้ในรูปแบบที่น่ารื่นรมย์ โดยส่งเสริมให้เด็กๆ มีส่วนร่วมในการแสดงออกและแบ่งปันประสบการณ์ นอกจากนี้ยังเน้นการสนับสน

**Congratulatory letter** The 60th Dhammachai Education Foundation of Australia and New Zealand has developed an increasing commitment in recent years to the academic study of the Buddhist tradition,

The 60th Dhammachai Education Foundation of Australia and New Zealand has strengthened its commitment to studying the Buddhist tradition. The foundation established the Dhammachai International Resear

I am pleased to congratulate the Dhammachai International Research Institute on this new initiative and look forward to its growing success. Professor Murray Rae Head of the Department of Theology

Introduction This collection of articles marks the launch of the Journal of the Dhammachai International Research Institute (JDIRI). The articles presented here indicate some of the perspectives on B

This collection of articles marks the launch of the JDIRI, showcasing perspectives on Early Buddhism and meditation studies. The journal aims to publish research on ancient manuscripts and esoteric pr

The manuscripts of the Nong Pa Fa Cave have two forms of writing: Dham Lao from Laos, and Dham Lanna from northern Thailand. These two scripts are very similar, especially on manuscripts dating back s

The manuscripts of the Nong Pa Fa Cave showcase two primary forms of writing: Dham Lao from Laos and Dham Lanna from northern Thailand. While these scripts exhibit notable similarities, especially in

Dhamma-kāya in the Pali Canon¹ Chanida Jantrasrisalai I. Why ‘Dhamma-kāya’ in the ‘Pali Canon’? The term dhamma-kāya/dharmakāya appears in Buddhist literature of different schools. Previous scholars

The study investigates the term dhamma-kāya as presented in the Pali Canon, aiming to provide a comprehensive analysis that has been overlooked in previous studies. While many references have been mad